Sea Breeze Geoengineering to Increase Rainfall over the Arabian Red Sea Coastal Plains

Abstract The Red Sea (RS) has a high evaporation rate, exceeding 2 m of water per year. vapor is transported from the shorelines by sea breezes as far 200 km landward. Relative humidity in vicinity RS exceeds 80% summer. Nevertheless, precipitation scarce most Arabian coastal plain. In this work we use Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) regional model to assess how deliberate changes (geoengineering) surface albedo or conversion bare land wide-leaf forests over vast plain region affect coast. Our simulations show that geoengineering characteristics perturbs circulation; alters temperature, moisture, momentum exchange between atmosphere; breeze intensity, cloud cover, eventually amount precipitation. We find extended afforestation increased are not effective triggering rainfall plains. Conversely, decreasing 0.2, assuming installation solar panels plains, increases air temperature 1–2 K, strengthens horizontal differences land, intensifies breezes, mixing ratio boundary layer above 3 about 0.5 g kg −1 , enhances vertical within planetary layer, generates 1.5 Gt extra rainwater, equivalent annual consumption five million people. Thus, form geoengineering, along with advanced methods collection underground storage freshwater, provides feasible solution mitigation existing crisis arid regions.